Created by :
Name :
Nadia Damayanti
NPM : 26217653
Clas : 3EB17
I.
SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT AND MODIFIER
A.
Subject
Definition: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun
or noun phrase that precedes and governs the main verb. The subject is the part
of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.
Note: Every sentence in English must have a Subject
Example
:
1)
Coffee is delicious.
2)
Milk contains calcium.
The subject may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase is a
group of words ending with a noun. (it CANNOT begin with a preposition). In
some sentences there is not a true subject. However it and there can
often act as pseudo-subjects and should be considered as subjects.To determine
the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb, and then make a question by
placing “who?” or “what?” before it. Having identified the Subject, we can see
that the remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject does or did. We
refer to this string as the “predicate” of the sentence.
For example:
1)
Who plays the piano?
“David” ( = Subject)
“plays the piano” ( = predicate)
tells us what David does.
2)
Who interviewed all the witnesses?
“The police” (= Subject)
“interviewed all the witnesses” ( =
predicate) tell us what the police did.
Subjects can either be “simple”, “compound” or “complex”
1)
Simple Subject
Composed of a single pronoun, noun
or noun phrase. Complex Subject: A complex subject consists of a noun phrase
and any words, phrases, or clauses that modify it.
For example:
1.
The man who had followed us inside
walked over to the telephone.
central noun: man
complex subject: the man who had followed us inside
2.
The superior performance of La
Traviata pleased the wealthy audience.
central noun: performance
complex subject: the superior performance of La Traviata
2)
Compound Subject
A compound subject consists of two
or more noun phrases (and their modifiers if any) joined together with a
coordinating conjunction.
For example:
1.
The man and the woman walked over to
the telephone.
The compound subject here is the whole phrase, “the man and
the woman.”
2.
Neither the superior performance of
La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission pleased the wealthy
audience.
Again, the whole phrase, “neither the superior performance
of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission,” is the subject. The
phrase answers the question, “What pleased the wealthy audience?”
B.
VERBS
Definition: Verbs are a class of words used to show the
performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence (be), possession (have),
or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a verb shows what
something or someone does.
For example:
1)
Paul rides a bicycle.
2)
Here, the verb rides certainly
denotes an action which Paul performs – the action of riding a bicycle.
3)
We buy some books to learn English
verbs.
4)
In this example, the action word is
“to buy”. It tells us that the subject “we”, that is the person who performs
the action of the verb is “buying some books”.
C.
COMPLEMENT
Complement can often be confused with the Object. While the
Subject and Object of a clause, in the vast majority of cases, refer to different
entities, the Complement gives more information about either the Subject or the
Object. As with the Subject and Object elements, there is only one grouping or
phrase which is considered to be the Complement of a clause.
The Subject Complement
Let’s begin by looking at some pairs of sentences where this
information centres on the Subject.
1.
Bill hit Harry.
2.
Bill is a policeman.
3.
The camel carried the load.
4.
The camel smells awful.
5.
A car hit the lamp post.
6.
A car was what she wanted for her
birthday.
So, in the preceding examples the first sentence of each
pair contains an Object – Harry, the load, the lamp post. These are clearly not
the same entities as the Subjects of the sentences. However, the same cannot be
said for the second sentence of each pair where there is a strong connection
between the Subjects and the phrases a policeman, awful and what she wanted for
her birthday. These phrases act to identify the Subject more precisely. These
are known as Complements; more specifically they are subject complements
because they define the Subjects of the clauses, in this case Bill, the camel
and a car.
In most sentences where the Complement defines the Subject,
you will find a particular type of verb being used. The most usual is the verb
be and its forms (e.g. am, are, was, have been) followed by a noun phrase or an
adjective phrase, often as a single word. In the instances above, a policeman
is a noun phrase and awful is an adjective phrase. Other examples are:
Noun phrase as Subject Complement:
1.
He is the father of three.
2.
Time is the great healer.
3.
Those animals were very rare
Siberian tigers.
4.
Adjective phrase as Subject
Complement:
5.
The weather is hot.
6.
All the passengers were Russian.
7.
The little cottage was nice and
cosy.
In all of these cases, the phrases after is, was and were
define the Subject. You should notice that, although two of the Complements in
the first set of examples contain adjectives (great, very rare Siberian), these
are still treated as noun phrases because the main words in the groups are
themselves nouns (healer, tigers).
Earlier I commented that a particular type of verb is often
used in clauses with a subject Complement and that verb is usually be. However,
there is a small number of other verbs either closely connected with be or to
do with sensing that frequently occur in this type of clause. A short list with
examples might include:
Be type: seem, appear, become, turn out, grow, remain
1.
The sky seems clearer today.
2.
He turned out to be a bad influence.
3.
His client became more and more
angry.
4.
Sense type: look, sound, feel,
taste, smell (all followed by like with a noun)
5.
Her voice sounds lovely.
6.
That sounds like heaven.
7.
The tea tastes foul.
There is still one type of subject Complement that we
haven’t looked at yet – this is the subordinate clause. The example from the
original sentences is:
A car was what she wanted for her birthday.
Here a car is the Subject, the Verb is was and the
Complement defining the Subject is what she wanted for her birthday, which is a
clause since it has its own Subject (she) and Verb (wanted). Other examples of
clauses used as subject Complements are:
Justice is what we’re looking for.
1.
The first thing I did was open all
the windows.
2.
The remaining problem is where to
find the money.
·
The Object Complement
In all the instances in the previous section the Complement
gave additional information about the Subject of the clause. Additional
information can similarly be given about the Object. Look at the examples
below:
1.
The accusation made me livid.
2.
The whole town wanted the outlaw
dead.
3.
The board has made him manager.
Here, the phrases in bold are giving extra information about
the Objects of the clauses which are him, me, the outlaw, him, it. The object
Complement usually follows the Object of the clause as in all the examples
above and the choice of verb is not so restricted as it is with the subject
Complement clauses.
D.
MODIFIER
Tells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often
it’s a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group of words that begins
with a preposition and ends with a noun.
Note : A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Note : A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Example of prepositional phrases :
In the morning, at university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday
Example :
1.
John bought a book at the bookstore
(modifier place)
2.
Jill was swimming in the pool
yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)
Note:
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it’s a prepositional phrase, usually can’t separate the verb and the complement.
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it’s a prepositional phrase, usually can’t separate the verb and the complement.
II.
TENSES
A. Present
Tense
There are many uses of tense. In English
Grammar, the Present Tense is used to talk about
something that is going on now(currently) or that is true now and at any time.
Present Tense is of four types:
1) Simple Present Tense
2) Present Continuous Tense
3) Present Perfect Tense
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
5) Simple Present Tense
The simple present tense uses the same verb form as the root form
of the verb. We use the simple present tense in the following conditions:
o To show a fact or something that is always true
o For activities that are done daily -regularly or
habitually
o To express thoughts, feelings, opinions and beliefs
o For an action or event that is planned to happen in the
future
o Used with a selected few adverbs to indicate something that happens
rarely
o Used in news, reported speech such as in
sports commentaries, a narration of books and stories etc
o It is also used with schedules, plans and programmes
o It is also used to give instructions
Formulating a Simple Present Tense
When the singular form of the subject or a singular pronoun is used, the verb is used
in the simple present tense by adding a ‘-s’ to it. Let us look at
some examples,
·
He goes to the library often.
·
When does the flight to Seychelles
depart from Mumbai airport?
·
I always wake up at 6 am.
·
I like chocolates.
2) Present Continuous Tense
This tense is used to describe a continued or ongoing action at the present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking and has not yet been completed. The Present Continuous Tense is, therefore, used in the following conditions:
·
As mentioned above, it is used for an action
that is occurring at the time of speaking
·
When an action in the future is mentioned
without specifying when it will occur
·
When we talk about a planned or arranged event or action that is set
to take place at a specified time in the future.
·
It is also used in conditions where the
action or event is occurring but not necessarily while we speak
·
It is used in a changing situation
·
With adverbs such as ‘always’ which describe
an action that happens frequently.
Formulating the Present Continuous Tense
It is formed from the present tense of the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ and the
present participle of the verb ‘-ing’. Examples are,
·
The noise is beginning to
give me a headache.
·
I am complaining to his mother about
him.
·
Why aren’t you doing your homework,
Ravi?
3) Present Perfect Tense
The Present Perfect Tense is used in case of repeated actions, in those actions where the time is not important, and actions that began in the past but are not finished yet and will probably finish in the present as we speak. The Present Perfect Tense can be used in the following scenarios:
·
It is commonly used in actions or events that
began in the past and have continued into the present
·
They are used to show an action that has been
completed
·
To indicate a time period that has not yet
finished
·
This tense is often used with phrases that
begin with “This is the first” or “second time” and so on.
·
Is used to describe or express an action that
is repeated in the past
·
Used to indicate or describe actions that
have been completed in the recent past
Formulating the Present Perfect Tense
To form the present perfect tense, we need to use the
simple present tense of the auxiliary verb ‘have’ or ‘has’ based on
whether the noun being referred to is plural or singular. The auxiliary verb is
then followed by the past participle of the verb. It can also be written
as: have/has + past participle. Let us see some examples,
·
We have known each other
for a very long time.
·
There have been
many contenders for this role.
·
Has there ever been
a war during your lifetime?
·
I have just eaten.
·
We have had the same car for 8
years.
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
This tense is generally used to describe or indicate an event that is going on at this moment. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used in the following conditions:
·
It is used to describe an event that began in
the past and is continuing into the future
·
An activity or event that began in the past
and is now over(just recently completed or over)
·
It is also used when there is no mention of
time.
Formulating the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The present perfect continuous tense is made up
of two parts:
i.
The present perfect tense of the
verb ‘to be’: ‘have been’ or ‘has been’ and
ii.
The present participle of the main
verb ‘-ing.
Some examples of present perfect continuous tense are,
·
My hands are very dirty as I have
been painting the walls.
·
They have been trying to
contact her.
·
I have been working for
them for the last seven months.
·
The party has been going on
all night.
B.
Past Tense
Definition of the simple past tense
The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is
used to talk about a completed
action in a time
before
now. The simple
past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be
in the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not important.
Examples
·
John Cabot sailed to America
in 1498.
·
My father died last year.
·
He lived in Fiji in 1976.
·
We crossed the Channel
yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain
past time expressions
·
frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
·
I often brought my lunch to
school.
·
a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks
ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
·
an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the
distance into the past. It is placed after the
period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Be Careful: The simple past in English may
look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.
Forming the Simple Past Tense
Patterns of simple past tense for regular verbs
|
Affirmative
|
||
|
Subject
|
+ verb + ed
|
|
|
I
|
skipped.
|
|
|
Negative
|
||
|
Subject
|
+ did not
|
+ infinitive without to
|
|
They
|
didn't
|
go.
|
|
Interrogative
|
||
|
Did
|
+ subject
|
+ infinitive without to
|
|
Did
|
she
|
arrive?
|
|
Interrogative
negative
|
||
|
Did not
|
+ subject
|
+ infinitive without to
|
|
Didn't
|
you
|
play?
|
To Walk
|
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
Interrogative
|
|
I walked
|
I didn't walk
|
Did I walk?
|
|
You walked
|
You didn't walk
|
Did you walk?
|
|
He walked
|
He didn't walk
|
Did he walk?
|
|
We walked
|
We didn't walk
|
Did we walk?
|
|
They walked
|
They didn't walk
|
Did they walk?
|
Simple past tense of to be, to have, to do
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
||
|
|
Be
|
Have
|
Do
|
|
I
|
was
|
had
|
did
|
|
You
|
were
|
had
|
did
|
|
He/She/It
|
was
|
had
|
did
|
|
We
|
were
|
had
|
did
|
|
You
|
were
|
had
|
did
|
|
They
|
were
|
had
|
did
|
Notes on affirmative, negative, & interrogative forms
Affirmative
The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.
·
I was in Japan last year
·
She had a headache
yesterday.
·
We did our homework last
night.
Negative and interrogative
For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "to
do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "did",
e.g. We didn't
do our homework
last night.
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "did", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "did", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".
The interrogative form of "have" in
the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "did".
Examples
·
They weren't in Rio last
summer.
·
We didn't have any money.
·
We didn't have time to visit
the Eiffel Tower.
·
We didn't do our exercises
this morning.
·
Were
they in Iceland last January?
·
Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
·
Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.
Simple past, irregular verbs
Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the
most common ones.
to go
·
He went to a club last
night.
·
Did he go to the cinema last night?
·
He didn't go to bed early
last night.
to give
·
We gave her a doll for her
birthday.
·
They didn't give John their
new address.
·
Did Barry give you my passport?
to come
·
My parents came to visit me
last July.
·
We didn't come because it
was raining.
·
Did he come to your party last week
C.
Future Tense
Simple Future (Future Indefinite) Tense
The simple future tense is used when an action is promised/thought to occur in the future.
Structure:
|
Subject + shall/will + verb
+ . . . . . . . . |
Example:
·
We shall move to another city.
·
He will come to New York tomorrow.
·
They will make a phone which has artificial
intelligence.
Note: The
structure of the present progressive tense also can be used when an action is
promised/arranged/planned to take place in the near future.
Example:
·
We are moving to Texas next week.
·
The bus is leaving at 6.00 PM.
Future Continuous Tense
The
future continuous tense is used when an action is promised/thought to be going
on at a specific time/context in the future.
Structure:
|
Subject + shall/will + be +
verb+ing . . . . . . . . |
Example:
·
I shall be sleeping at around 6.00 AM
tomorrow.
·
They will be playing at this time tomorrow.
·
She will be watching TV when I come home.
·
I will be working in the office while you
watch a movie.
Future Perfect Tense
The
future perfect tense is used to demonstrate an action which is promised to be
done by a certain time in the future.
Structure:
|
Subject + shall/will + have +
verb in the past participle . . . . . . . . |
Example:
·
I shall have completed the assignment by
Monday.
·
She will have cleaned the house before her
father comes.
·
Alex will have submitted the tender by
tomorrow.
·
Before I go to see her, she will have left
the place.
·
They will have finished making the bridge by
January.
REFERENCE
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